Who should be charged? Principles for fair allocation of electricity system costs
This Policy Brief sets out four principles for pricing electricity fairly
Which countries will be pivotal for the success of EU defence funding instruments?
History shows that decisions by single EU countries can determine whether member states as a whole take up new European initiatives
Wired for the future: building Europe’s next-gen electricity grid
How smarter planning, better funding and political trust can supercharge the EU’s energy transition
The proposed European Defence Mechanism: questions and answers
Answering ten questions on the proposed EDM
Tariffs
The economic impact of Trump’s tariffs on Europe: an initial assessment
It is likely that Trump’s tariffs will be a limited hit to Europe, though some regions and industries could suffer and may need protective measures
Trump's reciprocal tariffs stoke fears that a Mar-a-Lago Accord could be next
A US trade policy that goes against common sense has stoked fears that US debt restructuring could come next
The European Union should form an international open trade coalition in response to Trump’s tariffs
A formal commitment to open rules-based trade by the EU and likeminded countries is essential to respond to today’s dangerous new trade reality
Trump’s tariffs need a strategic response from the EU and others
The EU should seek allies as part of a strategy on US tariffs, and should not get sucked into US decoupling from China
More EU debt issuance would be the best response to Trump’s tariffs
The European Union should think strategically and seize the opportunity to fill the void created by Trump
Trump’s tariffs and the EU
How should the EU respond to the US tariffs?
EU targeting of digital services in tariff retaliation would present challenges
The European Union lacks an instrument to unpick cross-border transactions on US digital platforms
Five reasons why Europe must retaliate against Trump’s tariffs
Europe did not choose and has no interest in this trade war but cannot tolerate tariffs with no response
Bruegel's 20th anniversary
In 2025 Bruegel celebrates its 20th Anniversary with a series of events and activities.
See what we have plannedIn case you missed it
The governance and funding of European rearmament
Europe must accelerate rearmament through deeper cooperation and innovative governance to counter Russia’s aggression and shifting US policies
Defending Europe without the US: first estimates of what is needed
Europe could need 300,000 more troops and an annual defence spending hike of at least €250 billion in the short term to deter Russian aggression
Reinforcing EU merger control against the risks of acquisitions by big tech
The burden of proving that a merger is not anti-competitive should be shifted onto gatekeepers
Europe urgently needs a common strategy on Russian gas
An uncoordinated approach threatens EU energy security and the green transition
Sustainability rules are not a block on EU defence financing, but reputational fears are
To mobilise private capital for weapons, the European Commission should clarify the status of defence investing in its sustainable finance framework
China
Bruegel regularly publishes research on China's relationship with the EU and the wider world
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